Update on Spray Foam in Residential Settings
Spray foam insulation (SPF) is becoming more popular, but it
still only represents a fraction of the insulation market in residential homes.
Nationally, approximately 90% of U.S. homes are considered under-insulated
according to the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA).
Most homes rely on traditional insulation types like fiberglass or cellulose,
and spray foam is used in fewer cases due to its higher cost and installation
complexity (Energy One America).
there have been restrictions and prohibitions on the use of
certain epoxy derivatives, particularly those containing bisphenol A (BPA) and
other related bisphenols, in various countries, primarily in the European
Union. These bans are mostly focused on food contact materials due to the
potential health risks associated with BPA, including endocrine disruption and
toxicity.
Key Findings:
- European
Union: The EU has taken a stringent approach toward restricting BPA
and its derivatives in food contact materials. In 2024, the European
Commission moved forward with a regulation banning the use of BPA as a
monomer in the manufacture of food contact materials. This includes
restrictions on its use in plastics, varnishes, coatings, and adhesives.
The regulation is expected to be fully enacted by the end of 2024, with
transition periods of 18 to 36 months for compliance (Epoxy Europe)(Environmental Defense Fund)(Food Packaging Forum).
- Specific
Restrictions on Epoxy Derivatives: The EU has already implemented a
ban on certain epoxy derivatives like BFDGE (bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether)
and NOGE (novolac glycidyl ether) in food contact materials since 2005.
However, BADGE (bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether), which is used in some epoxy-based
varnishes and coatings, is still permitted under strict migration limits
if BPA is not detectable in the final product (EUR-Lex).
- Other
International Regulations: Outside the EU, regulatory actions are less
consistent, with BPA-based epoxy resins still widely used in many regions.
However, there is growing international pressure and regulatory proposals
in countries like Canada and some U.S. states to further restrict or ban
BPA-based materials in sensitive applications like food packaging.
Implications
The bans are largely driven by concerns over long-term
health impacts, particularly in sensitive populations. Although epoxy resins
are versatile and widely used in construction, coatings, and other industrial
applications, these restrictions highlight increasing scrutiny over the safety
of chemicals used in everyday products.
If you're working in industries using epoxy resins or
considering alternatives for sensitive applications, it would be prudent to
monitor these regulatory changes closely, as other countries may follow the
EU's lead in the coming years.
Likely Percentage of Homes with Spray Foam Insulation
There isn’t a single definitive percentage specifically for
homes using spray foam insulation, but estimates suggest it is still relatively
low compared to traditional insulation methods. A general industry estimate
indicates that spray foam might account for only about 10-15% of the U.S.
insulation market. This is backed by reports noting that many homes have not
been retrofitted with this more expensive option and are instead insulated with
fiberglass or other materials (Energy One America)(Bob Vila).
Homes Without Spray Foam
The remaining 85-90% of homes likely use other forms of
insulation, such as fiberglass batts, blown-in cellulose, or foam board, which
are more common due to lower costs and simpler installation (Energy.gov).
The increasing adoption of stricter energy codes and better
awareness of spray foam's thermal benefits are driving its usage, particularly
in new builds and energy-efficient renovations, but it’s still not widespread
in the overall housing stock.
Research on the effects of spray foam insulation (SFI) on
individuals with autism is still emerging, but existing studies suggest that
those on the autism spectrum may be more vulnerable to chemical sensitivities
and environmental exposures. Individuals with autism often experience
heightened sensory sensitivities, including odors and airborne chemicals,
which can lead to adverse health effects even at lower levels of exposure
compared to the general population.
Key Findings:
- Sensitivity
to VOCs and Chemical Emissions: Spray foam insulation contains various
chemicals, including isocyanates and polyol blends, which release volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) during and after installation. Exposure to these
chemicals can cause respiratory, skin, and neurological symptoms, which
are particularly concerning for individuals with heightened sensitivities,
such as those on the autism spectrum. The EPA has highlighted that there
is no recognized safe level of exposure for sensitized individuals,
meaning that even minimal exposure could pose a health risk for some
people (US EPA).
- High
Sensitivity to Fragranced and Chemical Products: A study focused on
autistic adults found that 83.7% reported experiencing adverse health
effects from exposure to fragranced consumer products, including
respiratory issues, headaches, and mucosal symptoms. This suggests that
individuals with autism are more likely to have a heightened response to
the chemical emissions from products like SFI. Many reported that the
severity of their reactions was disabling, leading to limitations in
societal and workplace participation
(SpringerLink).
- Health
Effects from Faulty SFI Installation: Another study linked improper
spray foam installation to significant health issues in homeowners,
including respiratory irritation, neurological symptoms, and skin
reactions. These problems were more pronounced in environments with high
VOC levels due to incorrect curing or insufficient ventilation. Autistic
individuals, who may already have compromised tolerance to chemical
exposures, could be disproportionately affected by such scenarios (Scholars@Duke).
Recommendations:
For individuals with autism or heightened chemical
sensitivities, it is advisable to:
- Opt
for alternative insulation materials with lower emissions.
- Ensure
rigorous ventilation during and after SFI installation.
- Conduct
thorough air quality assessments before re-occupying the space.
The consensus is that SFI should be approached with caution
in sensitive populations, and alternatives or additional safety measures may be
necessary to minimize potential health risks.
How often is it used in the walls in Tennessee?
Spray foam insulation is widely used in residential
construction across Tennessee, particularly in regions adopting the newer
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) standards. For example, counties
like Davidson, Williamson, and Rutherford have transitioned to the 2018 IECC
code, which requires a minimum insulation value of R-20 for residential walls.
This has led many builders to favor more advanced insulation methods, including
spray foam, to meet these requirements efficiently (OX Engineered Products).
Professional spray foam contractors, such as ProFoam of
Tennessee, have been servicing the state for years, offering spray foam
insulation as a primary method for achieving higher energy efficiency and
meeting state codes. They report thousands of residential and commercial spray
foam projects since 2006 across various Tennessee cities, including Knoxville
and Maryville, indicating its prevalent use in walls and roofs for both new and
retrofitted homes (ProFoam-TN).
The adoption of spray foam in Tennessee is driven by its
ability to provide superior thermal performance and air sealing, which is
essential for energy code compliance and long-term cost savings. This trend is
likely to continue as the state enforces higher insulation standards, making
spray foam a common choice for builders and homeowners alike.
Current Legal and Regulatory Status of Spray Foam
Insulation
Will Spray Foam Insulation Be Banned?
Currently, spray foam insulation is not banned in the United
States, but its use is under increasing scrutiny due to health concerns. Some
states, like California, have placed spray foam and its chemical components on
their "candidate chemicals" list, which could lead to future
regulatory actions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other
regulatory bodies continue to evaluate the safety of spray polyurethane foam
(SPF) insulation, focusing particularly on isocyanates, which are known respiratory
sensitizers and are linked to serious health issues (VTDigger).
Where Is It Banned or Restricted?
No outright bans are currently in place, but regions with
strict building codes may discourage its use. For example, Canada has
highlighted SPF safety concerns, and Vermont has seen local opposition and an
increase in lawsuits. The challenges with consistent installation quality and
the potential for toxic off-gassing have made it a controversial choice in some
areas (VTDigger).
How Many Lawsuits Are There?
Lawsuits related to spray foam insulation are widespread and
growing. There are currently multiple federal lawsuits in over half a dozen
states, with some cases seeking "multidistrict litigation" (MDL)
status to consolidate efforts and streamline legal proceedings. This includes
class-action lawsuits as well as individual claims against major manufacturers
like BASF, Icynene, and Dow Chemical (OnderLaw and GreenBuildingAdvisor). Complaints range from off-gassing
issues to structural problems, health impacts such as respiratory and
neurological damage, and property damage like corroded metal components (OnderLaw) (Top Class Actions).
Ongoing Litigation and Industry Response
The industry, through associations like the Spray
Polyurethane Foam Alliance (SPFA), is attempting to address these issues by
offering more comprehensive safety training and certifications for installers.
However, there are still reports of substandard installations leading to both
acute and chronic health concerns, prompting further legal challenges and
regulatory review (GreenBuildingAdvisor).
While spray foam insulation is unlikely to be banned
nationwide in the near future, continued health complaints, coupled with legal
challenges, could result in tighter regulations or voluntary reductions in use.
Spray foam insulation can indeed have a significant impact
on a home's marketability and financing options, depending on the
circumstances. While some buyers may see it as an attractive feature due to its
energy efficiency, others may view it as a liability due to concerns over
installation quality, long-term health risks, and structural issues.
Impact on Home Sales
- Buyers'
Mixed Perceptions: The presence of spray foam insulation can attract
some buyers who appreciate its thermal benefits, while others may be
deterred if they have heard negative reports or are concerned about the
quality of the installation. For certain buyers, spray foam may enhance
the home's appeal, but it will not necessarily increase the home’s
resale value. The insulation type is generally not factored into the
appraisal value, so it is not considered a direct financial advantage
during the sale.
- Mortgage
and Lending Issues: The biggest concern often comes from mortgage
lenders. Many lenders hesitate to approve mortgages on homes with
spray foam insulation, particularly in the roof or attic. This is because
improperly installed spray foam can lead to moisture build-up, wood rot,
or structural issues, making it difficult for surveyors to fully inspect
these areas. As a result, buyers may struggle to secure financing, and
sellers might find their pool of potential buyers reduced.
- Legal
and Documentation Requirements: Some lenders require extensive
documentation, including evidence of proper installation, air quality
testing, and potentially even removal if issues are identified. In cases
where spray foam was not correctly installed or poses a structural risk,
it can complicate the sale process significantly, as resolving these
issues often requires costly removal and remediation.
Bottom Line
Disclosing spray foam insulation can sometimes detract from
a home sale, particularly if buyers or lenders are cautious about its potential
risks. If you're selling a home with spray foam insulation, it’s advisable to
have detailed records of the installation and possibly consult with a real
estate agent experienced in navigating these concerns.